Evaluation of Clinical, Demographic, and Biochemical Profiles of Trinidadian Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography

Background: Trinidad and Tobago ranks number 45 in the world for total deaths due to coronary heart disease. Predictive tests for coronary angiographic results set the basis for earlier monitoring of the disease before additional complications become obvious. Aims and Methods?This study aimed to evaluate the anthropometric and biochemical parameters of 124 patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) in Trinidad and how these parameters correlate to the findings at angiography. Results?The biochemical parameters showed statistically significant correlations with CAD severity by Spearman's rank-order correlation. Two clinical parameters showed significant associations with CAD severity—ethnicity (?2 (4)?=?12.925, p?=?0.012) and presence of type 2 diabetes at baseline (?2 (4)?=?21.483, p?<?0.001). Conclusion?Biochemical parameters such as fasting blood sugar, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, creatinine, and hemoglobin A1c were well correlated and well associated with the severity of CAD after diagnosis by the process of coronary angiography. Hence, these factors can be taken into consideration to predict the severity of CAD.

In Silico Screening Of Zinc Database For Discovery Of Novel Urease Inhibitors As A Remedy To Gastro-Duodenal Ulcer Caused By Helicobacter Pylori

Design and synthesis of novel urease inhibitors taking center stage now days with specific attention as a remedy to Helicobacter pylori infection. A number of inhibitors fail in vivo and in clinical trial owing to the toxicity and hydrolytic profile. In the present study, we are making an attempt to screen a large small molecule database, ZINC, for a potential urease inhibitor. The structure based drug discovery approach has been adopted with acceptable ADMET parameters so that the lead molecules may have fair chances of passing in vitro and in vivo trails. The lead molecule in our study, with ID ZINC90446454 is a urea derivative and predicted to be nontoxic. It comes out to be a promising drug candidate with pKd value 7.83, LE 0.429 and LD50 value 10100 mg/kg body weight. Its sulfanyl derivative, with predicted high LD50 (10100 mg/kg body weight), exhibits the feasibility of a disulfide covalent bond with Cys321 in the active site. The derivative may serve as a novel covalent inhibitor with high specificity, high potency and low toxicity. The derivative, in future, may be a successful drug candidate for H. pylori induced gastro-duodenal ulcer.

Protective Effect of Environmental Enrichment on the Morphology of Neurons in the Motor Cortex of Diabetic and Stressed Rats

Background:The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of EE on the morphology of pyramidal neuron at the motor cortex of diabetic and stressed rats.Methods and materials:Male Wistar rats were grouped into Normal Control (NC), Vehicle Control (VC), Diabetes (D), Diabetes + Stress (D+S), Diabetes + Environmental Enrichment (D+EE) and Diabetes + Stress +Environmental Enrichment (D+S+EE) (n=8). Hyperglycemia was induced in Westar rats using streptozotocin (40mg/kg; ip). Blood sugar levels and body weight was measured at regular intervals to monitor the development of hyperglycemia. All experimental groups were housed in standard cages throughout the experiment. Rats in groups D+S and D+S+EE were transferred into space restrained cages for 6 hours daily. D+S+EE group were transferred into EE cages immediately after the space restrained session for subsequent 6 hours daily. On day 30, all rats were sacrificed and brains were harvested and prepared for rapid Golgi staining protocol. Dendritic branchings and dendriticintersections of the motor cortex neurons were quantitated using a camera lucida attached to Biolux research microscope. Data was analyzed using ANOVA with Bonferroni’s test.

Causes and Concerns of Diabetic Subjects with Lower Limb Amputation(s) in Trinidad

Aim:This study seeks to examine the major causative factors for lower extremities amputation (LEA) amongst a Trinidadian diabetic patients as well as to analyse the resulting concerns of said patients.Study Setting and Design: This study mainly comprised patients who were subject to or will be subject to lower limb amputations of differing degrees and were selected via a random stratified methodology. Questionnaire used was designed as to attain data on patient medical history as well as intrinsic and opinionated results.Methods:This study comprised 35 patients who were subject to LEAs of differing degrees and these patients were selected via a random stratified methodology. After obtaining informed consent questionnaire were used to attain subjective and objective data as it pertains to the cause and effects of lower limb amputations. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS to test for distribution and correlations. Results: A number of factors were taken into account and measured as it pertained to the cause of having an amputation. Our study noted that the major factors like diet, alcohol consumption and infection became the reason for amputation.Conclusions:The data of this study showed that the patients are to ensure better self-care and preventative lifestyle changes are to be implemented as to prevent the need for amputations.

Unusual origin and relations of the accessory meningeal artery: a case report / Origen inusual y relaciones de la arteria meníngea accesoria: reporte de un caso

SUMMARY: Accessory meningeal artery is a branch of the first part of the maxillary artery. It supplies the structures in the infratemporal fossa and the dura mater in the middle cranial fossa. Accessory meningeal artery arose from the middle meningeal artery, 25 mm below the base of the skull and entered the middle cranial fossa through the foramen ovale. The two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve looped around it. The knowledge of the variant origin and relations may be useful during the surgeries of the infratemporal fossa. It might also be useful to the radiologists.

RESUMEN: La arteria meníngea media es una rama accesoria que emerge al inicio de la arteria maxilar. Suministra la vascularización a nivel de la fosa infratemporal y la duramadre en la fosa craneal media. En este trabajo, surgió una arteria meníngea accesoria de la arteria meníngea media, a una 25 mm por debajo de la base del cráneo, accediendo en la fosa craneal media a través del foramen oval. Las dos raíces del nervio auriculotemporal la rodeaban. El conocimiento de esta variación y sus relaciones pueden ser útiles durante las cirugías de la fosa infratemporal, como así también puede ser útil para los radiólogos.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of kidney: Our experience in a tertiary care center.

OBJECTIVES: Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are rare highly aggressive neoplasms. The diagnosis is made by histopathology with the support of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and cytogenetics. The aggressive multimodality treatment is recommended for the management of these tumors. The purpose of our study is to review our experiences in the diagnoses and treatment of PNET of the kidneys. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of all the patients, who were treated for the PNET of the kidneys at our institute between April and March 2011 and compared with the available literature. RESULTS: A total of eight patients were treated for PNET of the kidney. Out of the eight patients, four were males and four females. Nearly 50% of our patients had inferior vena caval thrombus at the time of presentation. The diagnosis was made on histopathology supported by IHC. Out of the eight patients, one patient had intraoperative death due to massive pulmonary thromboembolism and another died on the 7th post‑operative day due to disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiorgan failure. Rest six patients were treated with post‑operative chemotherapy or a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For these six patients, overall median survival was 45 months with a 3 year disease‑free survival of 66% and 5 year survival of 44%. CONCLUSIONS: PNET of the kidneys are rare peripheral neuroectodermal tumors with an aggressive clinical course. These tumors carry a very poor prognosis. An aggressive treatment approach using a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy is recommended for a reasonable survival in these tumors.

A study on the number and arrangement of the structures passing through the porta hepatis in South Indian population / Estudio sobre el número y disposición de las estructuras que pasan por la fisura porta hepática en individuos del sur de la India

The porta hepatis of the liver is a very important area surgically. The knowledge of the variations in the structures passing through the porta hepatis might be of great help in reducing the risks of surgery in this area. In the current study 59 livers from South Indian cadavers were observed for the number and arrangement of the structures passing through the porta hepatis. In all the livers the portal vein was posteriormost and the hepatic duct was the anteriormost structure. The hepatic artery and its branches were in between the duct and the vein. The mean weight of the liver was 1.025 kg. The mean length of porta hepatis was 4.825 cm and the mean breadth was 2.433 cm. The number varied from one to three for the duct and vein but for the artery it was between one and four. In 51% of livers, only one vein and in 80% of cases only one duct passed through the porta hepatis. In 56% of cases two arteries passed through the porta hepatis.

La fisura porta hepática del hígado es un área quirúrgica muy importante. El conocimiento de las variaciones en las estructuras que pasan a través de la fisura porta hepática puede ser de gran ayuda para reducir los riesgos de la cirugía de esta región. En el presente estudio se observaron 59 hígados procedentes de cadáveres del Sur de la India, en relación al número y disposición de las estructuras que pasan a través de la fisura porta hepática. En todos los hígados, la vena porta hepática fue el elemento más posterior y el conducto hepático común el más anterior. La arteria hepática y sus ramas se ubicaban entre el conducto hepático común y la vena porta hepática. El peso medio de los hígados fue 1,025 kg. La longitud media de la fisura porta hepática fue 4,825 cm y el ancho medio de 2,433 cm. El número varió de uno a tres para el conducto y la vena. El número de arterias varió entre una y cuatro. En 51% de los hígados, sólo una vena pasaba a través de la fisura porta hepática y en el 80% de los casos sólo pasaba un conducto. En el 56% de los casos, dos arterias pasaban a través de la fisura porta hepática.

Drug Utilization Pattern in Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Rural Area of Maharashtra.

Objectives: To study the drug utilization pattern in Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) in a tertiary care teaching hospital in rural area of Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective and observational study, conducted during the period of March, 2013 to August 2013. Data was obtained through the prescription record of 123 patients admitted in the Medical ICU in the hospital from Medical Record Department (MRD) of the hospital. The study was conducted after obtaining permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of the college. Data was analyzed for- Most common causes for admission to MICU, male and female admission ratio, average number of drugs prescribed per prescription, Outcome of the patients, percentage usage of various antimicrobial groups. Results: Most common cause for admission in MICU was found to be Myocardial Infarction (MI) followed by angina. In all diseases number of male patients was found to be more than female patients. Average no of drugs per patients was found to be 7.82, Improvement was seen in 87.23% patients and mortality was seen in 2.23% patients. While condition remained same in 10.54% patients at the time of discharge. Cephalosporins were the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial group (65.33%) followed by aminoglycosides.

Short Axillary Vein and an Axillary Venous Ladder Formed by Basilic and Brachial Veins – An Anatomical and Clinical Perspective

Knowledge of anatomic variants of veins in the arm and axilla play a key role in planning of successful venous access. Possible anatomic variants of axillary vein, brachial vein and basilic vein and their clinical implications have been well described in the literature. We report a rare case of formation of a short axillary vein associated with complex venous communications between the basilic and brachial veins forming a venous ladder in the axilla, in formalin embalmed male cadaver. Axillary vein was formed in the upper part of the axilla by the fusion of basilic vein and unpaired brachial vein, and it was about 3cm in length. The higher-up confluence of basilic and brachial veins was also associated with presence of three communicating veins between the basilic and brachial veins in the axilla. Knowledge of reported venous variations is very useful during preoperative venous mapping and also for planning and execution of various surgical invasive procedures involving these veins.

An Unusual Venous Plexus on Psoas Major Muscle Connecting the Inferior Mesenteric and Testicular Veins

Knowledge of communication between parietal abdominal veins, testicular vein and mesenteric veins is important for Surgeons, Urologists and Radiologists. These communications can result in varicocele or hemorrhoids and may lead to low success rate in hemorrhoid and varicocele surgeries. During routine dissection classes, we observed an unusual large venous plexus on the left psoas major muscle. The venous plexus was unilateral and was formed by many anastomotic venous channels on the psoas fascia and communicated with the left testicular and inferior mesenteric veins. The testicular and inferior mesenteric veins were significantly enlarged below the level of communication with the venous plexus.

Plant Spacing and Weed Management Techniques Influence Weed Competitiveness of Drum Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Direct wet seeded-rice sown through drum seeder, a potential wise rice production system in the present-day scenario, is subject to severe weed infestation and, therefore, development of a sustainable weed management strategy is crucial for its wide spread adoption. The present study was conducted in kharif 2012 at department of agronomy division with NLR-33358 (SOMASILA) using six planting densities under five weed management conditions. The plant spacing tried were: 20cm x 7cm, 20 cm x 10.5 cm, 20 cm x 14 cm, 20 cm x 17.5 cm and 20 cm x 24.5cm and 20 cm x15cm. with a plant density of 71, 47, 35, 28, 20 and 33 hills m-2, respectively and five weed management practices viz., weedy check (W1), hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (W2), cono weeding at 20 and 40 with modified cono weeder (W3), pre-emergence application of anilofos @ 0.375 kg a.i ha-1 followed by post-emergence application of 2, 4 D sodium salt @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 20-25 DAS (W4), pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @1.0 kg a.i ha-1 followed by post-emergence application of bispyribac sodium @ 20 g a.i ha-1 30 DAS ( W5). . The experiment was laid out in strip- plot design with three replications assigning weed management techniques in vertical factor and plant spacing in horizontal factor. Direct wet seeded rice field was infested with 12 and 22 weed species, kharif -2012 season having Echinochloa colona, Leptochloa chinensis, Digitaria aescendens, Cyperus iriaand Eleusine indicaas the predominant weeds. Rice spacing exerted significant influence on both weed pressure and yield performance of crop. With the increase in plant spacing weed dry matter decreased but rice yield increased. In this season, among different plant densities, the highest density of 71 hills m-2(D1) resulted in minimum weed density, weed drymatter, and more number of tillers m-2 and maximum drymatter production at all stages of plant growth. closest spacing resulted in maximum weed suppression, but among various rice plant densities, a medium level population of 47 hills m-2 (D2) significantly increased the paddy yield over all other treatments except D1 treatments with a plant density of 71 hills m-2 .The highest grain yield of 3476 kg ha-1 was observed with a plant density of 47 hills m-2 and it was significantly superior to 71, 35, 28, 20 hills m-2drum seeded and 33 hills m-2 transplant paddies. which ultimately produced the highest rice yield. Weed inflicted relative yield loss was also minimized by the closest spacing. Present findings imply rice spacing mostly determines rice-weed competition, and can play a decisive role to minimize weed pressure. Therefore, closer spacing could be considered as a vital tool in the integrated weed management program for direct wet-seeded rice sown through drum seeder.

An Unusual Termination of Facial Vein and Anterior Division of Retromandibular Vein into External Jugular Vein: A Case Report

Facial vein, being the largest vein of the face forms the common facial vein after joining with the anterior division of retromandibular vein below the angle of the mandible. Usually, it drains into the internal jugular vein. During routine dissection of head and neck region of a male cadaver, aged approximately 50 years, an unusual pattern in the termination of veins on the left side of the neck was observed. The formation, course and termination of external jugular vein were normal. The anterior division of retromandibular vein joined with external jugular vein about 5 cm above the clavicle and the facial vein opened into the external jugular vein about 2.5 cm above the clavicle. In addition, there was a thin venous communication between anterior division of retromandibular vein and external jugular vein. The superficial veins of the neck are often used for cannulation; either for intravenous infusion or for central venous pressure monitoring. Furthermore, these venous segments are used as a patch for carotid endarterectomies. Hence, a thorough knowledge of the normal anatomy and their variations may be useful for performing these procedures.

Unusual branches of femoral artery in the femoral triangle: a case report / Ramas inusuales de la arteria femoral en el triángulo femoral: reporte de caso

Femoral artery is the major artery of the lower limb. It shows some variations in its branching pattern. One of the rare but clinically important variations is the origin of deep circumflex iliac and inferior epigastric arteries from it instead of from external iliac artery. We report here the origin of inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac arteries from the femoral artery bilaterally. Both the arteries passed up deep to the inguinal ligament and had a normal course and distribution after crossing the inguinal ligament. Knowledge of these variations is of importance in plastic surgery, anterior approach to the hip joint, draining psoas abscess or reducing a femoral hernia.

La arteria femoral es la principal arteria del miembro inferior. Se observan algunas variaciones en su patrón de ramificación. Una variante rara, pero clínicamente importante es el origen común de las arterias circunfleja iliaca profunda y epigástrica inferior no desde la arteria ilíaca externa. Presentamos el origen bilateral de las arterias epigástricas inferiores y circunfleja ilíaca profunda desde la arteria femoral. Ambas arterias pasaron profundas al ligamento inguinal y tuvieron un curso y distribución normal después de cruzar el ligamento inguinal. El conocimiento de estas variaciones son de importancia en la cirugía plástica, en el acceso anterior a la articulación de la cadera, el drenaje absceso del músculo psoas mayor o para reducir una hernia femoral.

A study on the anomalies of liver in the south Indian cadavers / Estudio sobre las anomalías del hígado en cadáveres del sur de India

Liver is the largest gland in the body and rarely shows variations in its lobes and fissures. We studied 55 Formalin-fixed livers for occurrence of abnormal shape, lobes, fissures and position of gall bladder. In 60 percent of cases the liver was normal. 40 percent livers showed one or the other variations. Additional lobes were found in 9.09 percent of cases. Additional fissure was found in 1.81 percent of cases. Presence of dumbbell shaped caudate lobe and presence of large papillary process was noted in 1.81 percent cases each. In 1.81 percent cases the fissure for ligamentum teres was absent or situated on the anterior surface of the liver. In 1.81 percent of cases each the liver was either extremely long or extremely flat. In 18.18 percent of the cases, the gall bladder was short and its fundus did not project beyond the inferior border of the liver. These findings may be useful for surgeons and radiologists.

El hígado es la glándula más grande del cuerpo y rara vez muestra variaciones en sus lóbulos y fisuras. Se estudiaron 55 hígados fijados en formalina para observar variaciones de su forma, lóbulos, fisuras y posición de la vesícula biliar. En el 60 por ciento de los casos, el hígado tuvo una forma normal. El 40 por ciento restante mostró alguna variante. Se encontraron lóbulos adicionales en el 9,09 por ciento de los casos. Una fisura adicional se encontró en 1,81 por ciento de los casos. La presencia de un lóbulo caudado en forma de mancuerna o reloj de arena, y la presencia de un gran proceso papilar se observó en el 1,81 por ciento de los casos, respectivamente. En 1,81 por ciento de los casos la fisura de ligamento redondo estaba ausente o situada en la superficie anterior del hígado. En 1,81 por ciento de los casos el hígado era muy largo o plana, respectivamente. En el 18,18 por ciento de los casos, la vesícula biliar fue corta y su fondo no se proyectó más allá del margen inferior del hígado. Estos resultados pueden ser útiles para cirujanos y radiólogos.

Evaluation of pulmonary dysfunction among persons with type 2 diabetes in Trinidad.

To determine the prevalence of pulmonary dysfunction among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using spirometry, and to determine the relationship between pulmonary dysfunction and duration of diabetes, glycaemic control (HbA1c), BMI, age, gender, ethnicity and associated systemic dysfunctions. Data was obtained from 93 persons with type 2 diabetes from various clinics in Trinidad via face to face spirometric testing and also by gathering data from their personal medical files. Variables measured include FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and FEF 25-75. The durations of diabetes of the 93 patients ranged from 0.4 years to 35 years. The majority of patients indicated diabetes duration within the ranges of 0-5 years and 5-10 years, and 3 had duration of 25 years or more. There were no significant differences between the means of the spirometry ratios (FEV1/FVC, FEV1, FVC, and FEF 25-75) for the five year interval ranges of diabetes duration. Approximately 60% (56) of the patients had normal pulmonary function and 40% (37) of the patients had pulmonary dysfunction. The majority of patients were found to have restrictive pulmonary dysfunction, and only 2% presented with obstruction. Within the BMI classes, 5% of the patients were underweight, 36% were normal, 33% were overweight and 26% were obese. There was a significant difference between the means of underweight and overweight patients for FEV1/FVC ratios at alpha level (p<0.05). The mean difference between underweight and overweight FEV1/FVC ratios was 11.20 with a standard error of 3.4634. At alpha level (p<0.05) there was no significant correlation between the spirometry variables and the duration of Diabetes or the BMI of the sample. Under one-half of persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus display a restrictive spirometric profile and there are significant differences in FEV1/FVC ratios among underweight and overweight persons.

Keyword Based Learning (KBL): a novel teaching/learning strategy.

In Medical Education today, the focus is mainly on the “student-centred” teaching/learning strategies. We tried a novel, teaching/learning strategy called ‘keyword based learning’ for first year medical students. The strategy is characterized by giving a series of keywords to students and asking them to learn the related topic and arrive at the learning objectives related to the keywords given. Student feedback was collected and 80% of the students were positive about this strategy.

Communication of the anterior branch of the great auricular nerve with the cervical branch of facial nerve and its variant nerve endings deep in the parotid gland / Comunicación del ramo anterior del nervio auricular mayor con el ramo cervical del nervio facial y sus terminaciones nerviosas profundas variantes en la glándula parótida

The communications between the branches of cervical plexus and cervical branch of facial nerve are common and are well known. However, this communication usually occurs between the transverse cervical nerve and cervical branch of facial nerve. During routine dissection classes for the Medical undergraduate students, we came across an anatomical variant of anterior division of great auricular nerve. This variation was found in a 60-year-old male cadaver of South Indian origin and it was unilateral. The great auricular nerve arose from the loop of ventral rami of C2 and C3 spinal nerves and divided into anterior and posterior branches. The anterior branch ran obliquely upwards and forwards on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle along with the external jugular vein towards the apex of parotid gland and divided into many branches. One of these branches gave a communicating branch to cervical branch of facial nerve outside the parotid gland. Nerve endings of the remaining branches were found to penetrate the interlobular septa and a few of them were seen deep in the gland along the ducts and near the vessels. The functional significance of anatomic variations of nerve endings in relation to ducts, thin vessels deep in the parotid gland, observed in the present case are yet to be evaluated...

Las comunicaciones entre los ramos del plexo cervical y ramo cervical del nervio facial son comunes y bien conocidos. Sin embargo, esta comunicación por lo general ocurre entre el nervio cervical transverso y el ramo cervical del nervio facial. Durante las clases de disección de rutina para los estudiantes de pregrado de medicina, nos encontramos con una variante anatómica de la división anterior del nervio auricular mayor, unilateral, en un cadáver de sexo masculino de 60 años, del Sur de la India. El nervio auricular mayor se originó desde el bucle de los ramos ventrales de los nervios espinales C2 y C3, y dividió en ramos anterior y posterior. El ramo anterior se dirigió oblicuamente hacia arriba y adelante sobre la superficie del músculo esternocleidomastoideo junto con la vena yugular externa hacia el ápice de la glándula parótida y se dividió en numerosos ramos terminales. Uno de estos ramos dió un ramo comunicante al ramo cervical del nervio facial fuera de la glándula parótida. Las terminaciones nerviosas de los ramos restantes penetraron en los septos interlobulares. Algunos de éstos se observaron profundos en la glándula a lo largo de los conductos y cerca de los vasos. La importancia funcional de las variaciones anatómicas de las terminaciones nerviosas en relación a los conductos y vasos finos profundos en la glándula parótida aquí observados aún no se han evaluado...

Looped external iliac artery: a case report / Arteria ilíaca externa en bucle ­ reporte de caso

Variations of the external iliac artery are very rare. We found a rare variation in the left external iliac artery. The artery was long and formed a characteristic loop. The loop was found in the lesser pelvis in close relation to the obturator nerve. This loop may compress obturator nerve and vessels. The knowledge of this loop might be important for gynaecologists, orthopaedic surgeons and urologists since it may be involved in surgeries of hip, ovary and prostate...

Las variaciones de la arteria ilíaca externa son raras. Se encontró una variación poco frecuente en la arteria ilíaca externa izquierda. La arteria era larga y formaba un bucle característico. El bucle se encontró en la pelvis menor en estrecha relación con el nervio obturador. Este circuito puede comprimir el nervio obturador y los vasos circundantes. El conocimiento de este circuito podría ser importante para los ginecólogos, cirujanos ortopédicos y urólogos, ya que pueden estar involucrados en las cirugías de cadera, ovario y próstata...

Comparision of potency of different types Neuro-Muscular Junction (NMJ) blockers on isolated rectus abdominis muscle of rana tigrina.

The most important use of neuromuscular blockers is as adjuvant to general anaesthesia where adequate muscle relaxation can be achieved at lighter plane. They also reduce reflex muscle contraction in the region undergoing surgery and assist maintenance of controlled ventilation during anaesthesia. They are particularly helpful in abdominal and thoracic surgery, intubations and endoscopies, orthopedic manipulation, etc. Thus, the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular depression is minimized, and post anesthetic recovery is shortened. The potency ratio of two commonly used neuromuscular agents depolarizing succinylcholine and non depolarizing pancuronium. Double pith a frog and fasten it to a frog board with ventral side up. The sternum was cut through just above the xiphisternum at its base and a pair of muscle attached to it were dissected out and transferred to a dish containing frog Ringer solution at room temperature. All the drug containing solutions were freshly prepared before the experiments Succinyl choline, Pancuronium (1,10,100mg/ml and 1mg/dl) respectively Acetyl choline (10,100mg/ml and 1mg/dl). Acetylcholine solution in various strength were prepared starting from 0.1% to 0.0001%.NMJ blocker Pancuronium was added to the biophase in addition to selected dose (128mg or 256mg) and the contraction of muscle till the 70-80% of inhibition is produced and the difference from sub maximal contractions. The median ED50 was interpolated from the figure taking 50%of inhibition from Height of contraction in mm. The ‘t’ test was performed to compare the ED50 value were interpolated from the regression line to find out the ED50 of the drug. The median doses (ED50) of both of them were calculated graphically and compared. The mean ED50 value of succinylcholine was found to be 1.59 ± 0.08μg (95% confidential limit was from 1.53 to 1.66μg). The ED50 of pancuronium was found to be 0.52 ± 0.10μg with 95% confidence limit being from 0.44 to 0.60μg. The ED50 value of the two drugs was very significantly different (P < 0.001). The potency ratio of pancuronium to succinylcholine was 0.32.